PROPAGATION OF PITCHER PLANTS (Nepenthes gracilis KORTH. AND Nepenthes reinwardtiana MIQ.) THROUGH CALLUS INDUCTION
Keywords:
2,4-D, in vitro, kinetin, leaf culture
Abstract
In vitro propagation of pitcher plants is still limited only using seeds, while the other in vitro methods using leaf explants such as embryogenesis, organogenesis, and callus culture has not been widely reported. The research aims to study the growth response of leaf explants in two species of pitcher plants (Nepenthes gracilis and Nepenthes reinwardtiana), which formed callus in several treatment media combinations. Leaf pieces were taken from a 4-month pitcher plant culture were grown on the treatment media, namely modified media of Murashige & Skoog with a half concentration (½ MS) added 2.4-Dichlorophenoxoxyacetate (2.4-D) with a concentration of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg L-1 and kinetin (0.5 mg L-1). The treatment was then stored in a dark environment to induce callus formation. The observation for 12 weeks showed that the time of callus formation in two species of pitcher plant observed was not significantly different. Both species of pitcher plants begin to form callus in the fourth week after treatment. None of the leaf explants were planted on the control medium without hormones formed callus. The best medium for callus induction in N. gracilis is ½ MS medium added with 2 mg L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 kinetin, with callus morphology brownish-white with friable texture. In comparison, the optimum callus media from leaf explant of N. reinwardtiana has not been obtained yet. Thus further research is still needed.
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References
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Alim M.A., Biswas B.K., Hasanuzzaman M., Bala P., Roy U.K. 2014. Callus Induction of Brinjal by Genotype and Growth Regulators. J. Expt. Biosci. 5(2): 35–42. Retrieved from https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/ 274382385_CALLUS_INDUCTION_OF_BRINJAL_BY_GENOTYPE_AND_GROWTH_REGULATORS.
Amalia N., Budisantoso I., Kamsinah K. 2017. In Vitro Callus Induction from Leaf Explants of Vanda sp Stimulated by 2,4-D. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education. 9(3): 492–497. https://doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v9i3.11018.
Aydoðan S.K., Erdað B.B. 2015. Callus Induction and Adventitious Shoot Regeneration of Centaurea zeybekii Wagenitz: Endangered Endemic Plant. Nevºehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi Cilt.4(2): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.17100/ nevbiltek.210944.
Cheek M., Jebb M. 2001. Flora Malesiana Series I - Seed Plants Vol. 15: Nepenthaceae.Leiden, The Netherlands: the Nationaal Herbarium Nederland.
Chou L.Y., Dykes G.A., Wilson R.F., Clarke C.M. 2015. Nepenthes ampullaria (Nepenthaceae) Pitchers are Unattractive to Gravid Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Environmental Entomology. 0(0): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/ nvv164.
[CITES] CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA. 2019.
Appendices I, II and III. Retrieved from ht tps://www. cit es. org/eng/app/ appendices.php.
Clarke C. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. In Natural History Publications, Sdn.Bhd, Malaysia.
Clarke, C.M. 2018. Nepenthes gracilis (errata version published in 2019). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: E.T39663A143960417, 8235 . Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T39663A143960417.en.
Dawa K.K., El-Denary M., Abo-Elglagel I. 2017. Callus Formation and Shoot Regeneration as Affected by Plant Growth Regulators and Explant Types in Three Strawberry Cultivars (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Journal of Plant Production. 8(5): 599–604. https://doi.org/10.21608/jpp.2017.40481.
Devi S.P., Kumaria S., Rao S.R., Tandon P. 2013. In Vitro Propagation and Assessment of Clonal Fidelity of Nepenthes khasiana Hook. f.: A Medicinal Insectivorous Plant of India. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 35:2813–2820. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11738-013-1314-x.
Dinarti D., Sayekti U., Alitalia Y. 2010. Kultur Jaringan Kantong Semar (Nepenthes mirabilis). Jurnal Hortikultura Indoensia. 1(2): 59–65. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.29244/jhi.1.2.59-65.
Elaleem KG.A., Modawi R.S., Khalafalla M.M. 2009. Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration in Tuber Segment Culture of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Cultivar Diamant. African Journal of Biotechnology. 8(11): 2529–2534. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajb.v8i11.60753.
Gaume L., Bazile V., Huguin M., Bonhomme V. 2016. Different Pitcher Shapes and Trapping Syndromes Explain Resource Partitioning in Nepenthes Species. Ecology and Evolution. 6(5): 1378– 1392.https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1920.
Goh H.H., Baharin A., Salleh F. ‘Imadi M., Ravee R., Zakaria W.N.A.W., Noor N.M. 2020. Transcriptome-wide Shift from Photosynthesis and Energy Metabolism upon Endogenous Fluid Protein Depletion in Young Nepenthes ampullaria Pitchers. Scientific Reports. 10(6575): 1–17. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41598-020-63696-z.
Gunawan LV. 1992. Teknik Kultur Jaringan Tumbuhan. Pusat Antar Universitas Bioteknologi Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.
Haq R., Naz S., Aslam F., Manzoor, F. 2013. Comparison of In Vitro Response of Micropropagation and Callogenesis of Medicinal Plant, Vinca rosea L. J. Agric. Res. 51(1): 9–17. Retrieved from https://apply.jar.punjab.gov.pk/upload/ 1373835430_72_ 549 9p2_2.pdf.
Herawati M.M., Purwantoro A., Sulistyaningsih E., Pramono S. 2014. Callus Induction and Proliferation of Artemisia Cina Berg Ex Poljakov. AGRIC. 26(1): 45–51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24246/agric.2014.v26.i1.p45-51.
Huang M., Ma X., Zhong Y., Hu Q., Fu M., Han Y. 2018. Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration of Spirodela polyrhiza. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 135: 445–453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-018-1477-7.
Irvani N., Solouki M., Omidi M., Zare A.R., Shahnazi S. 2010. Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration in Dorem ammoniacum D., an Endangered Medicinal Plant. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 100: 293–299. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11240-009-9650-7.
Jui S.A., Rajib M.M.R., Hossain M.M., Mallik S.R., Nur I. J., Ferdush J. 2020. In Vitro Callus Induction of Gerbera from Leaf Explant. International Journal of Advanced Geosciences: 8(1): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v8i1.30000.
Karuppiah P., Thong W.H. 2016. Callus Induction of Leaf Expalnts of Talinum paniculatum. Proc. of Sixth International Conference on Advances in “Applied Science and Environmental Engineering”: 5–7. Kuala Lumpur 26-27 November
2016. https://doi.org/10.15224/978-1-63248-108-5-02.
Khan M.N.M. 2019. In Vitro Callus Induction of Aromatic Rice Depends on the Concentration of 2,4-D. Malaysian Journal of Halal Research 2(2): 9–13. https://doi.org/10.2478/ mjhr-2019-0007.
Kumar S., Mehta N., Singh J.K., Kumar M., Kumar A. 2017. A Protocol for Callus Induction in Chilli Genotypes from Hypocotyls as Explant. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 6(10): 4931–4942. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.610.466.
Mahmood M., Normi R., Subramaniam S. 2010. Optimization of Suitable Auxin Application in a Recalcitrant Woody Forest Plant of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) for Callus Induction. African Journalof Biotechnology. 9(49): 8417–8428. https://doi.org/10.4314/ ajb.v9i49.
Moran J.A., Clarke C. M. 2010. The Carnivorous Syndrome in Nepenthes Pitcher Plants: Current State of Knowledge and Potential Future Directions. Plant Signaling and Behavior. 5(6): 644–648. https://doi.org/ 10.4161/psb.5.6.11238.
Mostafiz S.B., Wagiran A. 2018. Efficient Callus Induction and Regeneration in Selected Indica Rice. Agronomy. 8(77): 1 – 18 . https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8050077.
Nainggolan L., Gultom T., Silitonga M. 2020. Inventory of Pitcher Plant (Nepenthes sp.) and its Existence in North Sumatra Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1485:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1485/1/012013.
Novitasari Y., Isnaini Y. 2020. Induksi Kalus Kantong Semar (Nepenthes ampullaria Jack dan Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miq) dengan Eksplan Daun. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia XXV “Pemanfaatan Biodiversitas dalam Mewujudkan Biobased Ecogreen”. Bandar Lampung, 25-27 Agustus 2019.214–223.
Nuryadin E. 2018. Pengaruh BAP Dan NAA Terhadap Waktu Pertumbuhan Tanaman Kantong Semar (Nepenthes adrianii) Secara In-Vitro. BIOSFER/: Jurnal Biologi Dan Pendidikan Biologi. 3(1): 1- 5 . https://doi.org/10.23969/biosfer.v3i1.1199.
Rahman N.N.A., Rosli R., Kadzimin S., Hakiman M. 2019. Effects of Auxin and Cytokinin on Callus Induction in Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. Fundamental and Applied Agriculture. 4(3): 928–932. https://doi.org/10.5455/faa.54779.
Rao S., Jabeen F.T.Z. 2013. Optimization of Protocols for Callus Induction, Regeneration and Acclimatization of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Cultivar CO-86032. Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy. 7(4): 861–869. Retrieved from http://abap.co.in/sites/default/files/Paper- 5_12.pdf.
Rosli M.A.F., Azizan K.A., Goh H.H. 2018. Antioxidant Activity of Pitcher Extracts from Three Nepenthes species. Sains Malaysiana. 47(12): 3069–3075. https://doi.org/10.17576/ jsm-2018-4712-17.
Rosmaina, Aryani D. 2015. Optimasi NAA dan BAP Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Kantong Semar (Nepenthes mirabilis) Secara In Vitro. Jurnal Agroteknologi. 5(2): 29–36. https://doi.org/10.24014/ja.v5i2.1352.
Rosyidah M., Ratnasari E., Rahayu Y.S. 2014. Induksi Kalus Daun Melati (Jasminum sambac) dengan Penambahan Berbagai Konsentrasi Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) dan 6-Benzylamino Purine( BAP) pada Media MS secara in Vitro. LenteraBio. 3(3): 147–153. Retrieved from http://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/ index.php/lenterabio%0AInduksi.
Sa’adan H., Zainuddin Z. 2020. Callus Induction From Leaf Explant of Ficus Deltoidea Varkunstleri. Science Heritage Journal. 4(1): 06–08. https://doi.org/10.26480/gws.01.2 020.06.08.
Scharmann M., Grafe T.U., Metali F., Widmer A. 2019. Sex is Determined by XY Chromosomes Across the Radiation of Dioecious Nepenthes Pitcher Plants. Evolution Letters. 3(6): 586–597. https://doi.org/10.1002/evl3.142.
Selviana A., Turnip M., Linda R. 2018. Variasi Morfometrik dan Pengelompokan Spesies Kantong Semar (Nepenthes spp.) di Desa Simpang Kasturi Kecamatan Mandor. Protobiont. 7(2): 29–36. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/protobiont.v7i2.252 95.
Setiawati T., Ayalla A., Witri A. 2019. Induksi Kalus Krisan (Chrysanthemummorifolium Ramat.) dengan Penambahan Berbagai Kombinasi Zat Pengatur Tumbuh (ZPT). EduMatSains: 3(2): 119–132. https://doi.org/10.33541/edumatsains. v3i2.884.
Sharma R., Bora S. 2015. Comparative Studies on Callus Induction from Different Explants of Vanilla planifolia Andrews. International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research. 6(3): 360–365. Retrieved from http://www.bipublication.com.
Sukamto L.A. 2011. Pengaruh Eksplan dan ZPT terhadap Pertumbuhan Nepenthes albomarginata secara In Vitro. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan. 12(1): 103–109. https://doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v12i1.1267.
Thorogood C.J., Bauer U., Hiscock S.J. 2018. Convergent and Divergent Evolution in Carnivorous Pitcher Plant Traps. New Phytologist. 217: 1035–1041. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14879.
Wahyuni D.K., Andriani P., Ansori A.N.M., Utami E.S.W. 2017. Callus Induction of Gendarussa (Justicia gendarussa) by Various Concentration of 2,4-D, IBA, and BAP. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education. 9(3): 402–408. https://doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v9i3.11347.
Wang Y. 2016. Callus Induction and Frond Regeneration in Spirodela polyrhiza. Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding. 52(3): 114–119. https://doi.org/10.17221/134/2015-CJGPB.
Induction, Plant Regeneration, and Growth on Barley (Hordeumvulgare L.). South Western Journal of Horticulture Biology and Environment. 3(1): 25–39. Retrieved from http://anucraiova.3x.ro/ swjhbe/index.html.
Alim M.A., Biswas B.K., Hasanuzzaman M., Bala P., Roy U.K. 2014. Callus Induction of Brinjal by Genotype and Growth Regulators. J. Expt. Biosci. 5(2): 35–42. Retrieved from https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/ 274382385_CALLUS_INDUCTION_OF_BRINJAL_BY_GENOTYPE_AND_GROWTH_REGULATORS.
Amalia N., Budisantoso I., Kamsinah K. 2017. In Vitro Callus Induction from Leaf Explants of Vanda sp Stimulated by 2,4-D. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education. 9(3): 492–497. https://doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v9i3.11018.
Aydoðan S.K., Erdað B.B. 2015. Callus Induction and Adventitious Shoot Regeneration of Centaurea zeybekii Wagenitz: Endangered Endemic Plant. Nevºehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi Cilt.4(2): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.17100/ nevbiltek.210944.
Cheek M., Jebb M. 2001. Flora Malesiana Series I - Seed Plants Vol. 15: Nepenthaceae.Leiden, The Netherlands: the Nationaal Herbarium Nederland.
Chou L.Y., Dykes G.A., Wilson R.F., Clarke C.M. 2015. Nepenthes ampullaria (Nepenthaceae) Pitchers are Unattractive to Gravid Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Environmental Entomology. 0(0): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/ nvv164.
[CITES] CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA. 2019.
Appendices I, II and III. Retrieved from ht tps://www. cit es. org/eng/app/ appendices.php.
Clarke C. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. In Natural History Publications, Sdn.Bhd, Malaysia.
Clarke, C.M. 2018. Nepenthes gracilis (errata version published in 2019). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: E.T39663A143960417, 8235 . Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T39663A143960417.en.
Dawa K.K., El-Denary M., Abo-Elglagel I. 2017. Callus Formation and Shoot Regeneration as Affected by Plant Growth Regulators and Explant Types in Three Strawberry Cultivars (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Journal of Plant Production. 8(5): 599–604. https://doi.org/10.21608/jpp.2017.40481.
Devi S.P., Kumaria S., Rao S.R., Tandon P. 2013. In Vitro Propagation and Assessment of Clonal Fidelity of Nepenthes khasiana Hook. f.: A Medicinal Insectivorous Plant of India. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 35:2813–2820. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11738-013-1314-x.
Dinarti D., Sayekti U., Alitalia Y. 2010. Kultur Jaringan Kantong Semar (Nepenthes mirabilis). Jurnal Hortikultura Indoensia. 1(2): 59–65. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.29244/jhi.1.2.59-65.
Elaleem KG.A., Modawi R.S., Khalafalla M.M. 2009. Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration in Tuber Segment Culture of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Cultivar Diamant. African Journal of Biotechnology. 8(11): 2529–2534. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajb.v8i11.60753.
Gaume L., Bazile V., Huguin M., Bonhomme V. 2016. Different Pitcher Shapes and Trapping Syndromes Explain Resource Partitioning in Nepenthes Species. Ecology and Evolution. 6(5): 1378– 1392.https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1920.
Goh H.H., Baharin A., Salleh F. ‘Imadi M., Ravee R., Zakaria W.N.A.W., Noor N.M. 2020. Transcriptome-wide Shift from Photosynthesis and Energy Metabolism upon Endogenous Fluid Protein Depletion in Young Nepenthes ampullaria Pitchers. Scientific Reports. 10(6575): 1–17. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41598-020-63696-z.
Gunawan LV. 1992. Teknik Kultur Jaringan Tumbuhan. Pusat Antar Universitas Bioteknologi Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.
Haq R., Naz S., Aslam F., Manzoor, F. 2013. Comparison of In Vitro Response of Micropropagation and Callogenesis of Medicinal Plant, Vinca rosea L. J. Agric. Res. 51(1): 9–17. Retrieved from https://apply.jar.punjab.gov.pk/upload/ 1373835430_72_ 549 9p2_2.pdf.
Herawati M.M., Purwantoro A., Sulistyaningsih E., Pramono S. 2014. Callus Induction and Proliferation of Artemisia Cina Berg Ex Poljakov. AGRIC. 26(1): 45–51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24246/agric.2014.v26.i1.p45-51.
Huang M., Ma X., Zhong Y., Hu Q., Fu M., Han Y. 2018. Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration of Spirodela polyrhiza. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 135: 445–453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-018-1477-7.
Irvani N., Solouki M., Omidi M., Zare A.R., Shahnazi S. 2010. Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration in Dorem ammoniacum D., an Endangered Medicinal Plant. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 100: 293–299. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11240-009-9650-7.
Jui S.A., Rajib M.M.R., Hossain M.M., Mallik S.R., Nur I. J., Ferdush J. 2020. In Vitro Callus Induction of Gerbera from Leaf Explant. International Journal of Advanced Geosciences: 8(1): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v8i1.30000.
Karuppiah P., Thong W.H. 2016. Callus Induction of Leaf Expalnts of Talinum paniculatum. Proc. of Sixth International Conference on Advances in “Applied Science and Environmental Engineering”: 5–7. Kuala Lumpur 26-27 November
2016. https://doi.org/10.15224/978-1-63248-108-5-02.
Khan M.N.M. 2019. In Vitro Callus Induction of Aromatic Rice Depends on the Concentration of 2,4-D. Malaysian Journal of Halal Research 2(2): 9–13. https://doi.org/10.2478/ mjhr-2019-0007.
Kumar S., Mehta N., Singh J.K., Kumar M., Kumar A. 2017. A Protocol for Callus Induction in Chilli Genotypes from Hypocotyls as Explant. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 6(10): 4931–4942. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.610.466.
Mahmood M., Normi R., Subramaniam S. 2010. Optimization of Suitable Auxin Application in a Recalcitrant Woody Forest Plant of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) for Callus Induction. African Journalof Biotechnology. 9(49): 8417–8428. https://doi.org/10.4314/ ajb.v9i49.
Moran J.A., Clarke C. M. 2010. The Carnivorous Syndrome in Nepenthes Pitcher Plants: Current State of Knowledge and Potential Future Directions. Plant Signaling and Behavior. 5(6): 644–648. https://doi.org/ 10.4161/psb.5.6.11238.
Mostafiz S.B., Wagiran A. 2018. Efficient Callus Induction and Regeneration in Selected Indica Rice. Agronomy. 8(77): 1 – 18 . https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8050077.
Nainggolan L., Gultom T., Silitonga M. 2020. Inventory of Pitcher Plant (Nepenthes sp.) and its Existence in North Sumatra Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1485:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1485/1/012013.
Novitasari Y., Isnaini Y. 2020. Induksi Kalus Kantong Semar (Nepenthes ampullaria Jack dan Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miq) dengan Eksplan Daun. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia XXV “Pemanfaatan Biodiversitas dalam Mewujudkan Biobased Ecogreen”. Bandar Lampung, 25-27 Agustus 2019.214–223.
Nuryadin E. 2018. Pengaruh BAP Dan NAA Terhadap Waktu Pertumbuhan Tanaman Kantong Semar (Nepenthes adrianii) Secara In-Vitro. BIOSFER/: Jurnal Biologi Dan Pendidikan Biologi. 3(1): 1- 5 . https://doi.org/10.23969/biosfer.v3i1.1199.
Rahman N.N.A., Rosli R., Kadzimin S., Hakiman M. 2019. Effects of Auxin and Cytokinin on Callus Induction in Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. Fundamental and Applied Agriculture. 4(3): 928–932. https://doi.org/10.5455/faa.54779.
Rao S., Jabeen F.T.Z. 2013. Optimization of Protocols for Callus Induction, Regeneration and Acclimatization of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Cultivar CO-86032. Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy. 7(4): 861–869. Retrieved from http://abap.co.in/sites/default/files/Paper- 5_12.pdf.
Rosli M.A.F., Azizan K.A., Goh H.H. 2018. Antioxidant Activity of Pitcher Extracts from Three Nepenthes species. Sains Malaysiana. 47(12): 3069–3075. https://doi.org/10.17576/ jsm-2018-4712-17.
Rosmaina, Aryani D. 2015. Optimasi NAA dan BAP Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Kantong Semar (Nepenthes mirabilis) Secara In Vitro. Jurnal Agroteknologi. 5(2): 29–36. https://doi.org/10.24014/ja.v5i2.1352.
Rosyidah M., Ratnasari E., Rahayu Y.S. 2014. Induksi Kalus Daun Melati (Jasminum sambac) dengan Penambahan Berbagai Konsentrasi Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) dan 6-Benzylamino Purine( BAP) pada Media MS secara in Vitro. LenteraBio. 3(3): 147–153. Retrieved from http://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/ index.php/lenterabio%0AInduksi.
Sa’adan H., Zainuddin Z. 2020. Callus Induction From Leaf Explant of Ficus Deltoidea Varkunstleri. Science Heritage Journal. 4(1): 06–08. https://doi.org/10.26480/gws.01.2 020.06.08.
Scharmann M., Grafe T.U., Metali F., Widmer A. 2019. Sex is Determined by XY Chromosomes Across the Radiation of Dioecious Nepenthes Pitcher Plants. Evolution Letters. 3(6): 586–597. https://doi.org/10.1002/evl3.142.
Selviana A., Turnip M., Linda R. 2018. Variasi Morfometrik dan Pengelompokan Spesies Kantong Semar (Nepenthes spp.) di Desa Simpang Kasturi Kecamatan Mandor. Protobiont. 7(2): 29–36. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/protobiont.v7i2.252 95.
Setiawati T., Ayalla A., Witri A. 2019. Induksi Kalus Krisan (Chrysanthemummorifolium Ramat.) dengan Penambahan Berbagai Kombinasi Zat Pengatur Tumbuh (ZPT). EduMatSains: 3(2): 119–132. https://doi.org/10.33541/edumatsains. v3i2.884.
Sharma R., Bora S. 2015. Comparative Studies on Callus Induction from Different Explants of Vanilla planifolia Andrews. International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research. 6(3): 360–365. Retrieved from http://www.bipublication.com.
Sukamto L.A. 2011. Pengaruh Eksplan dan ZPT terhadap Pertumbuhan Nepenthes albomarginata secara In Vitro. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan. 12(1): 103–109. https://doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v12i1.1267.
Thorogood C.J., Bauer U., Hiscock S.J. 2018. Convergent and Divergent Evolution in Carnivorous Pitcher Plant Traps. New Phytologist. 217: 1035–1041. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14879.
Wahyuni D.K., Andriani P., Ansori A.N.M., Utami E.S.W. 2017. Callus Induction of Gendarussa (Justicia gendarussa) by Various Concentration of 2,4-D, IBA, and BAP. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education. 9(3): 402–408. https://doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v9i3.11347.
Wang Y. 2016. Callus Induction and Frond Regeneration in Spirodela polyrhiza. Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding. 52(3): 114–119. https://doi.org/10.17221/134/2015-CJGPB.
Published
2021-12-10
How to Cite
Novitasari, Y., & Isnaini, Y. (2021). PROPAGATION OF PITCHER PLANTS (Nepenthes gracilis KORTH. AND Nepenthes reinwardtiana MIQ.) THROUGH CALLUS INDUCTION. Agric, 33(2), 81-92. https://doi.org/10.24246/agric.2021.v33.i2.p81-92
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
