Determinan Kebahagiaan Di Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24914/jeb.v19i1.485Keywords:
happiness, oprobit, demographic chracteristicsAbstract
The research objective is to analyse the determinants of happiness in Indonesia. Using cross-section data from Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) wave 4, 2007, this study takes 17.650 observations which estimated using Oprobit model. The Oprobit model was chosen because of ordinaled response variable and the normal assumption in error distribution. The result shows that happiness in Indonesia positively affected by income, education level, perceived health status and social capital. But social capital that connected with religion and ethnic don’t have significant effect on happiness. All predictors are robust. Demographic characteristics inform that married people, non household head, live in urban area, outside of Jawa-Bali islands and Javanese were happier than others. There is no difference in happiness level between man and woman. Happiness-age relationship indicated U-shaped curve. Marginal effect shows different effect for every happiness level due to a unit change in independent variable.
Abstrak
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor penentu kebahagiaan di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan data antar ruang/silang tempat dari Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) wave 4, 2007, studi ini mengambil 17,650 pengamatan yang diestimasi menggunakan model Oprobit. Model Oprobit dipilih karena adanya variabel respon ordinal dan asumsi normal dalam distribusi kesalahan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebahagiaan di Indonesia secara positif dipengaruhi oleh pendapatan, tingkat pendidikan, status kesehatan yang dirasakan dan modal sosial. Namun demikian, modal sosial yang berkaitan dengan agama dan etnis tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kebahagiaan. Semua prediktor bersifat robust. Karakteristik demografi menginformasikan bahwa orang yang menikah, bukan kepala rumah tangga, tinggal di daerah perkotaan, berada di luar pulau Jawa-Bali dan dari suku Jawa lebih bahagia daripada yang lain. Riset ini juga menemukan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan dalam tingkat kebahagiaan antara pria dan wanita. Kemudian, hubungan antara kebahagiaan dan usia menunjukkan kurva yang berbentuk U. Terakhir, efek marjinal menunjukkan efek yang berbeda untuk setiap tingkat kebahagiaan karena perubahan unit variabel independen.
Downloads
References
Andrews, F. M., dan S. B. Whitney. 1976. Social Indicators of Well-Being American Perceptions of Life Quality. New York: Plenum Press.
Akerlof, G. A., dan R. E. Kranton. 2000. Economics and identity. Quarterly Journal of Economics. Vol.115 No.3: 715-753.
Bartolini, S., dan E. Bilancini. 2010. If not only GDP, what else? Using relational goods to predict the trends of subjective well-being. International Review of Economy. Vol.57: 199-213.
Berger-Schmitt, R. 2002. Considering social cohesion in quality of life assessments: Concept and measurement. Social Indicators Research. Vol.58 No.1: 403-428.
Blanchflower, D. G., dan A. J. Oswald. 1994. Estimating a wage curve for Britain. The Economic Journal. Vol.104: 1025-1043.
---------.2004. Well-being overtime in Britain and USA. Journal of Public Economics. Vol.88: 1359-1386.
Campbell, A., P. E. Converse, dan W. L. Rodgers. 1976. The Quality of American Life, Perceptions, Evaluations, and Satisfactions. New York: Rusell Sage Foundation.
Chen, W. C. 2012. How education enhances happiness: Comparison of mediating factors in four east Asian countries. Social Indicators Research. Vol.106 No.1: 117-131.
Clark, A. E., dan A. J. Oswald. 1994. Unhappiness and unemployment. The Economic Journal. Vol.104 No.424: 648-659.
Clark, A. E., dan C. Senik. 2011. Will GDP growth increase happiness in developing countries? The institute for the study of labor (IZA). Discussion Paper 5595.
Clark, A. E, P. Frijters, dan M. A. Shields. 2008. relative income, happiness and utility: An explanation for the easterlin paradox and other puzzles. Journal of Economic Literature. Vol.46 No.1: 95-144.
Coombs, R. H. 1991. marital status and personal well-being: A literature review. Family Relations. Vol.40 No.1: 97-102.
Costanza, R., M. Hart, S. Posner, dan J. Talberth. 2009. Beyond-GDP: The need for new measures of progress. Boston University The Pardee Papers.
Cunado, J., dan F. P. de Gracia. 2012. Does education affect happiness? Evidence for Spain. Social Indicators Research. Vol.108 No.1: 185-195.
Daly, H., dan J. Cobb Jr. 1989. For the Common Good Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and Sustainable Future. Boston: Beacon Press.
Dave, D., I. Rashad, dan J. Spasojevic. 2008. The effects of retirement on physical and mental health on outcomes. Southern Economic Journal. Vol.75 No.2: 479-523.
Diener, R. B., E. Diener, dan M. Tamir. 2004. The psychology of subjective well-being. Daedalus. Vol.133 No.2: 18-25.
Diener, E., E. M. Suh, R. E. Lucas, dan H. L Smith. 1999. Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin. Vol.125: 276-302.
Dutt. A. K., dan Radclift. 1989. Happiness, Economics and Politics: towards s Multi-Disciplinary Approach. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Easterlin, R. A. 1974. Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? In: Paul A. D., M. V. Reder (eds) Nations and Households in Economic Growth: Essays in Honour of Moses Abramovitz. New York: Academic Press.
--------.1995. Will raising the incomes of all increase the happiness of all?. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. Vol.27: 35-47.
--------.2001. Income and happiness: Towards a unified theory. The Economic Journal. Vol.111: 465-484.
Fleurbaey, M. 2009. Beyond GDP: The quest for a measure of social welfare. Journal of Economic Literature. Vol.47 No.4: 1029-1075.
Frey, B. S., dan A. Stutzer. 2000. Happiness, economy and institutions. Economic Journal. Vol.110: 918-938.
---------. 2002. What can economists learn from happiness research? The Journal of Economic Literature. Vol.40 No.2: 402-435.
Gerstenbluth, M., dan M. Rossi. 2013. Are healthier people happier? Evidence from Chile and Uruguay. Development in Practice. Vol.23 No.2: 205-216.
Graham, C., dan S. Pettinato. 2002. Happiness and Hardship: Opportunity and Insecurity in New Market Economies. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institute.
Green, M., dan M. Elliott. 2010. Religion, Health, and psychological well-being. Journal of Religion and Health. Vol.49: 149-163.
Helliwell, J. F. 2006. Well-Being, social capital and public policy. what’s new? The Economic Journal. Vol.116: 34-45.
Helliwell, J. F. 2007. Well-Being and social capital: Does suicide pose a puzzle? Social Indicators Research. Vol.81 No.3: 455-496.
Helliwell, J. F., dan R. D. Putnam. 2004. The social context of Well-Being. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences. The science of well-being: Integrating neurobiology. Psychology and Social Science. Vol.359 No.1449: 1436-1446.
Huang, P. H. 2008. Authentic happiness, self-knowledge and legal policy. J.L.SCI & TECH. Vol.9 No.2: 755-784.
Hurlock, E. B. 1959. Developmental Psychology. Mc Graw Hill.
Kahneman, D. 1999. Objective Happiness. In: Kahneman D., E. Diener, N. Schwarz (eds) Well-being: The Foundation of Hedonic Psychology. Russel Sage Foundations. New York: 3-25.
Kennedy, C. A., J. A. King, and A. W. Mucaro. 1983. The relative strength of health as a predictor of life satisfaction. International Social Science Review. Vol.58 No.2: 97-102.
Kesebir, P., dan E. Diener. 2008. In pursuit of happiness: Empirical answers to philosophical questions. Perspectives on Psychological Science. Vol.3 No.2: 117-125.
Landiyanto, E. A., J. Ling, M. Puspitasari, dan S. E. Irianti. 2011. Wealth and happiness: empirical evidence from Indonesia. Chulalongkron Journal of Economics. Vol.23: 1-17.
Lelkes, O. 2006. Tasting freedom: Happiness, religion and economic transition. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. Vol.59: 173-194.
Michalos, A. C. 2008. Education, happiness and wellbeing. Social Indicators Research. Vol.87 No.3: 347-366.
Michalos, A. C., B. D. Zumbo, dan A. Hubley. 2000. Health and the quality of life. Social Indicators Research. Vol.51 No.3: 245-286.
Munandar, U. 2001. Bunga Rampai Psikologi Perkembangan dari Bayi sampai dengan Lanjut Usia. Dalam Munandar, U. (Ed.). Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia Press.
Ng, Y. K. 1997. A case for happiness, cardinal utility, and interpersonal comparability. Economic Journal. Vol.107 No.445: 1848-1858.
Perneger, T. H., M. H.Patricia., dan A. B. Patrick. 2004. Health and happiness in young Swiss adults. Quality of Life Research. Vol.13 No.1: 171-178.
Rabe-Hesketh, S., dan A. Skrondal. 2007. Multilevel and latent variable modelling with composite links and exploded likelihoods. Psycometrika. Vol.72: 123-140.
Sarracino, F. 2012. Money, sociability and happiness: social erosion and unhappiness? time series analysis of social capital and subjective well-being in western Europe, Australia, Canada and Japan. Social Indicator Research. Vol.109: 135-188.
Schnittker, J. 2005. When mental health becomes health: Age and the shifting meaning of self-evaluations of general health. The Milbank Quarterly. Vol.83 No.3: 397-423.
Seligman, M. 2002. Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment. New York: Free Press.
Shields, M. A., dan W. Price. 2005. Explaining the economic and social determinants of psychological well-being and perceived social support in England. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A. Vol.168: 513-538.
Sohn, K. 2010. Considering happiness for economic development: Determinants of happiness in Indonesia. KIEP Working Paper. Vol.10 No.9: 1-61.
Singer, M. A., W. M. Hopman, dan T. A. MacKenzie. 1999. Physical functioning and mental health in patients with chronic medical conditions.Quality of Life Research. Vol.8 No.8: 687-691.
Sirgy, J. M. 1986. A quality-of-life theory derived from maslow’s developmental perspective. American Journal of Economics and Sociology. Vol.45 No.3: 329-342.
Stack, S., dan J. R. Eshleman. 1998. Marital status and happiness: A 17-nation study. Journal of Marriage and Family. Vol.60 No.2: 527-536.
Stutzer, A., dan B. S. Frey. 2004. Does marriage make people happy or do happy people get married? The Journal of Socioeconomics. Vol.35: 326-347.
---------. 2010. Recent advances in the economics of individual subjective well-being. Social Research. Vol.77: 679-714.
Stevenson, B., dan J. Wolfers. 2013. Subjective well-being and income: Is there any evidence of satiation? IZA Paper. No.7353.
---------, 2008. Economic growth and subjective well-being: Reassessing the easterlin paradox. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: 1-87.
Syaifuddin, A. F. 2006. Membumikan multikulturalisme di Indonesia. Jurnal Antropologi Sosial Budaya ETNOVISI. Vol.2 No.1: 3-11.
Tokuda, Y., dan T. Inoguchi. 2008. Interpersonal mistrust and unhappiness among Japanese people. Social Indicators. Vol.89 No.2: 349-360.
Van, D. B., dan C. J .M Jeroen. 2009. The GDP paradox. Journal of Economic Psychology. Vol.3: 117-135.
Veenhoven, R. 1988. The utility of happiness. Social Indicators Research. Vol.20 No.4: 333-354.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
