Identification of Heavy Metal in Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch Compost, Mulch from Palm oil Waste and Its Effect on Chili (Capsicum annuum L.)
Keywords:
heavy metal, compost, empty fruit bunch, chilli
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of compost from oil palm empty fruit bunches with different ages, mulching oil palm waste, the levels of heavy metals in compost and its influence on the growth and yield of chili. Composting was assisted by the starter (PromiTM) with a dose of 0.5 kg per ton of chopped bunches. Composting treatment distinguished by the composting time namely 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks. Mulch treatment consisted of shell, fiber and empty fruit bunch chopped. The empty fruit bunch compost had the potential to decrease the soil acidity because the pH of 7.89- 8.66. The EFBs compost contained Boron of 7.7-10.7 ppm, 12-24.8 ppm of Cuprum, 0.05 to 0.24 % of Fe, 26.5-89.7 ppm of Mn, and 9.1-10.8 ppm of Na. This compost contained heavy metal Cd and Hg. Cd was detected in amount of 0.08 to 0.25 ppm. Hg was detected in amount of 12.9-19.5 ppm. Meanwhile, Pb and As were not found. Cd did not exceed the threshold. On the other hand, Hg was detected exceeding the threshold but did not affect the growth and yield of chili. Organic mulch from palm oil wastes did not significantly affect on the chili yield. Shell mulch had a negative influence on the growth and yield of chili.Downloads
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References
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Kumar V. R. S., Sivakumar, K., Purushothaman M.R., Natarajan, A., &Amanullah, M.M. (2007). Chemical changes during composting of dead birds with caged layer manure. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, (10): 1100-1104
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Mckinley , V. L. & Vestal, R. J. (1985). Physical and chemical correlates of microbial activity and biomass in composting municipal sewage sludge. Appl Environ Microbiol, 50-1403.
Montejo C., Costa, C., & Marquez, M. C. (2015). Influence of input material and operational performance on the physical and chemical properties of MSW compost. Journal of Environmental Management Volume 162, 1 October 2015, Pages 240-249. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.07.059
Nagasaki, K., Shoda, M., & Kubota, H. (1985). Effect of temperature composting of sewage sludge. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 50, 1526-1530.
Ndegwa, P. M., Thompson, S. A., & Das, K. C. (2000). Effect of stocking density and feeding rate on vermicomposting of biosolids. Bioresour Technology 715-12.
Nopriani, L. S. (2011). Teknik uji cepat untuk identifikasi pencemaran logam berat tanah di lahan apel Batu (Rapid testing techniques for the identification of heavy metal pollution of soil from apple cultivation in Batu regency). Disertasi Fakultas Pertanian.Universitas Brawijaya. Malang
Pan, I. & Sen, S. K. (2013). Microbial and Physico-chemical analysis of composting process of wheat straw. Indian Journal of Biotechnology. Vol 12, January 120-128.
Pan, I., Dam, B., & Sen S. K. (2012). Composting of common organic waste using microbial inoculants. Biotech 2: 127-134. [DOI : 10.1007/s13205-0110033-5]
Rincon, S. L. & Gomez, A. (2012). Comparative behaviour of agricultural biomass residues during thermochemical processing. Global NEST Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 111–117
Schulze, E. D., Beck, E., & Muller-Hohenstein, K. (2005). Plant Ecology. New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Setyorini, D., Soeparto, & Sulaeman. (2003). Kadar logam berat dalam pupuk (Levels of heavy metals in fertilizers). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Peningkatan Kualitas Lingkungan dan Produk Pertanian. Badan Litbang Pertanian. pp219-229
Shil, N. C., Naser, H. M., Brahma, S,. Yusuf, M. N. & Rashid, M. H. (2013). Response of chilli (Capsium annuum L.) to zinc and boron application. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res.(1): 49-59 ISSN 0258-7122.
Sinkevičienė, A., Jodaugienė, D., Pupalienė, R. & Urbonienė, M. (2009). The influence of organic mulches on soil properties and crop yield. Agronomy Research 7(Special issue I), 485–491.
Sǿnsteby, A., Nes, A. & Måge, F. (2004). Effects of bark mulch and NPK fertilizer on yield, leaf nutrien status and soil mineral nitrogen during three years of strawberry production. Acta. Agric. Scand. Sect. B, Soil and Plant, 128 – 134.
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Stoffella, P. J. & Kahn, B. A. (2001). Compost utilization in horticultural cropping systems. CRC Press - Technology & Engineering - 432 pages
Sudiyani, Y., Setyarini, D., Triwahyuni, E., Sudiyarmanto, Sembiring, K. C., Aristiawan, Y., Abimanyu, H., & Han, M. H. (2013). Utilization of biomass waste empty fruit bunch fiber of palm oil for bioetanol production using pilot-scale unit. Energy Procedia 32(31-38).
Sundh, I., & Ronn, S. (2002). Microbial succession during composting of sourceseparated urban organic household waste under different initial temperature conditions. In: Insam H, Riddech, N., Klammer, S. (eds) Microbiology of composting. SpringerVerlag. Berlin Heiselberg, pp 53-64.
Susana, R., & Suswati, D. (2011). Ketersediaan Cd, gejala toksisitas dan pertumbuhan 3 spesies Brassicaceae pada media gambut yang dikontaminasi kadmium (Cd) (Cd availability, symptoms of toxicity and the growth of three species of Brassicaceae in peat media contaminated by cadmium (Cd). Jurnal Perkebunan dan Lahan Tropika:9-16
Thiam, L. C., & Bhatia, S. (2008). Catalytic processes towards the production of biofuels in a plam oil and oil palm biomass-based biorefinary. Bioresource Technology 99:7911-7922.
Tiquia S.M. (2005). Microbiological parameters as indicators of compost maturity. Journal of Applied Microbiology Volume 99, Issue 4, pages 816–828, October 2005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02673.x
Topan, M. (2008). Panduan Lengkap Budi Daya dan Bisnis Cabai (Complete Cultivation Guide and Business of Chili). Agromedia Pustaka. Jakarta. 190 hal.
USDA-NRCS. (2000). United States Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service. Composting: Environmental Engineering National Engineering Handbook. 637. www.info.usda.gov/CED/ftp/CED/neh637-ch02.pdf.
Vázquez, M.A., de la Varga, D., Plana, R., & Soto, M. (2015). Integrating liquid fraction of pig manure in the composting process for nutrient recovery and water re-use. Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 104, 1 October 2015, Pages 80-89
Venglovsky, J., Sasakova, N., Vargova, M., Pacajova, Z., Placa, I., Petrovsky, M., & Harichova, D. (2005). Evolution of temperature and chemical parameters during composting of pig slurry soilid fraction amended with natural zeolite. Bioresources Technology 96, 181-189.
Widyati. (2011). Potensi tumbuhan bawah sebagai akumulator logam berat untuk membantu rehabilitasi lahan bekas tambang (Potential of herb stratum plants as accumulators of heavy metals to help the rehabilitation of mined land). Jurnal Mitra Hutan Tanaman. Vol 6 : 2 (46-56).
Yanti, Y., Gustian, & Rahma, H. (2009). Aplikasi agen hayati Pseudomonas fluorescens sebagai penginduksi ketahanan untuk meningkatkan produksi tanaman cabai terhadap penyakit virus kuning di Kecamatan Kuranji Kotamadya Padang (Application of biological agents Pseudomonas fluorescens as resistance inducers to increase the production of chili against yellow viral diseases in Kuranji district, Padang Regency). Warta Pengabdian Andalas Volume XV, Nomor 22, 46-57.
Yusoff. S. (2006). Renewable energy from palm oil-innovation of effective utilization of waste. Journal of Cleaner Production 14: 87-93.
Zmora-Nahum, S., Markovitch, O.,Tarchitzky, J. & Chen, Y. (2006). Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) as a parameter of compost maturity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2005, Pages 2109–2116. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.03.013
Annabi, M., Houot, S., Francou, F., Poidrenaud, M., & Le Bissonnais, Y. (2007). Soil aggregate stability improvement with urban composts of different maturities. Soil Science of American Journal 71 : 413-423.
Arifin, Z., & Tabrani, G. (2014). Pewarisan sifat agronomi tanaman cabai (Capsicum annuumL.) toleran di lahan gambut (Inheritance agronomic properties of the chili plant (Capsicum annuum L.) peatlands tolerant). Jurnal Online Mahasiswa (JOM) Bidang Pertanian, 1(1), 1-10.
Ashrafuzzaman, M., Halim, M. A., Ismail, M. R., Shahidullah, S.M., & Hossain M. A. (2011). Effect of plastic mulch on growth and yield of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. V.54 n.2: pp. 321-330.
Brinton, W.F. (2000). Compost Quality, Standard and Guideline. Woods End Research Laboratory, Inc. California Compost Quality Council. (2001). Compost Maturity Index. California Compost Quality Council. Nevada City, CA 95959.www.ccqc.org.
Canet, R. & Pomares F. (1995). Changes in physical, chemical and physico-chemical parameters during the composting of municipal solid wastes in two plants in Valencia. Bioresource Technology 51, 259-264.
Carter, M. R. (2002). Soil quality for sustainable land management: organic matter and aggregation interactions that maintain soil functions. Agronomy Journal, 94, 38ñ47.
Casado-Vela, J., Selle ´s, S., Navarro, J., Bustamante, M. A. Mataix, J., Guerrero, C., & Gomez, I. (2006). Evaluation of composted sewage sludge as nutritional source for horticultural soils. Waste Management 26 946–952, www.elsevier.com/locate/wasman.
Cuhna-Queda, A. C., Ribeiro, H. M., Ramos, A.,& Cabral, F. (2007). Study of biochemical and microbial paramaters during composting of pine and eucalyptus bark. Bioresour technol 98: 3213-3220.
Esteban, E., Moreno E., Pe˜ nalosa, J., Jos´ e I. Cabrero, Mill´ an, R., & Zornoza, P. (2008). Short and long-term uptake of Hg in white lupin plants: kinetics and stress indicators. Environmental and Experimental Botany 62 (2008) 316–322,
Farrell, M., & Jones, D. L. (2009). Critical evaluation of municipal solid waste composting and potential compost markets. Bioresources Technology 100, 4301-4310.
Francou, C., Poitrenaud, M., & Houot, S. (2005). Stabilization of organic matter during composting: influence of process and feedstocks. Compost Science & Utilization, Vol. 13, No 1, 72-83.
Hafis, S.M., Ridzuan, M. J. M., Mohamed, A.R., Farahana, R. N., & Syahrullail, S. (2014). An experimental investigation of palm pressed fibre waste as lubricant in strip drawing. J. Teknologi. 66: 3, 91-98. eISSN 2180-3722.
Huang, G., Zhong, L., Zhang, Z., & Wu, Q. (2003). Physicochemical changes and maturity evaluation of solid organic waste compost. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. May:14(5):813-8.
Huang, G.F., Wu, Q.T., Wong, J.W.C., Nagar, B.B. (2005). Transformation of organic matter during co-composting of pig manure with sawdust. Bioresource Technology (2006) 1834–1842. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.08.024
IPRI (Indonesian Palmae research Institute).(2010). Utilization of oil palm fibera shells as a silica source alternative. http://balitka.litbang.pertanian.go.id/
Irshad, M., Eneji, A. E., Hussain, Z., & Ashraf, M. (2013). Chemical characterization of fresh and composted livestock manures. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,(1), 115-121
Irsyad, M., Sikanna, R., Musafira. (2014). Translokasi merkuri (Hg) pada daun tanaman bayam duri (Amaranthus spinosus L) dari tanah tercemar (Translocation of mercury (Hg) in the leaves of spinach thorns (Amaranthus spinosus L) from contaminated soil). Online Jurnal of Natural Science, Vol.3(1): 8-17, ISSN: 2338-0950 2014.
Ismail, M. H. S., Haddadian, Z., & Shavandi, M. A. (2012). Process simulation and optimation of palm oil waste combution using aspen plus. Research Journal in Engineer and Applied Sciences 1 (5) 266-273 (ISSN:2276-8467).
Jensen, A., et al.(1998). TG-FTIR study of the influence of potassium chloride on wheat straw pyrolysis. Energy Fuels, 12 (5), 929-938.
Johnson, J. M., Hough-Goldstein, J. A. & Vangessel, M. J. (2004). Effects of straw mulch on pest insects, predators, and weeds in watermelons and potatoes. Environ. Entomol. 33, 1632– 1643.
Kraus, P. & Grammel, U. (1992). Die Relevanz der Schadstoffdiskussion beivder Bioabfallko-mpostierung. (Relevance of contaminant discussion for bio-waste composting) in Abfallwirtschaft 9, MIC Baeza-Verlag Kassel
Kumar V. R. S., Sivakumar, K., Purushothaman M.R., Natarajan, A., &Amanullah, M.M. (2007). Chemical changes during composting of dead birds with caged layer manure. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, (10): 1100-1104
Lahuddin. 2007. Aspek unsur mikro dalam kesuburan tanah (Aspects of micro elements in soil fertility). Pidato Pengukuhan Guru Besar. Universitas Sumatera Utara. Medan
Mckinley , V. L. & Vestal, R. J. (1985). Physical and chemical correlates of microbial activity and biomass in composting municipal sewage sludge. Appl Environ Microbiol, 50-1403.
Montejo C., Costa, C., & Marquez, M. C. (2015). Influence of input material and operational performance on the physical and chemical properties of MSW compost. Journal of Environmental Management Volume 162, 1 October 2015, Pages 240-249. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.07.059
Nagasaki, K., Shoda, M., & Kubota, H. (1985). Effect of temperature composting of sewage sludge. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 50, 1526-1530.
Ndegwa, P. M., Thompson, S. A., & Das, K. C. (2000). Effect of stocking density and feeding rate on vermicomposting of biosolids. Bioresour Technology 715-12.
Nopriani, L. S. (2011). Teknik uji cepat untuk identifikasi pencemaran logam berat tanah di lahan apel Batu (Rapid testing techniques for the identification of heavy metal pollution of soil from apple cultivation in Batu regency). Disertasi Fakultas Pertanian.Universitas Brawijaya. Malang
Pan, I. & Sen, S. K. (2013). Microbial and Physico-chemical analysis of composting process of wheat straw. Indian Journal of Biotechnology. Vol 12, January 120-128.
Pan, I., Dam, B., & Sen S. K. (2012). Composting of common organic waste using microbial inoculants. Biotech 2: 127-134. [DOI : 10.1007/s13205-0110033-5]
Rincon, S. L. & Gomez, A. (2012). Comparative behaviour of agricultural biomass residues during thermochemical processing. Global NEST Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 111–117
Schulze, E. D., Beck, E., & Muller-Hohenstein, K. (2005). Plant Ecology. New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Setyorini, D., Soeparto, & Sulaeman. (2003). Kadar logam berat dalam pupuk (Levels of heavy metals in fertilizers). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Peningkatan Kualitas Lingkungan dan Produk Pertanian. Badan Litbang Pertanian. pp219-229
Shil, N. C., Naser, H. M., Brahma, S,. Yusuf, M. N. & Rashid, M. H. (2013). Response of chilli (Capsium annuum L.) to zinc and boron application. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res.(1): 49-59 ISSN 0258-7122.
Sinkevičienė, A., Jodaugienė, D., Pupalienė, R. & Urbonienė, M. (2009). The influence of organic mulches on soil properties and crop yield. Agronomy Research 7(Special issue I), 485–491.
Sǿnsteby, A., Nes, A. & Måge, F. (2004). Effects of bark mulch and NPK fertilizer on yield, leaf nutrien status and soil mineral nitrogen during three years of strawberry production. Acta. Agric. Scand. Sect. B, Soil and Plant, 128 – 134.
Standar Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian Standard of Compost) SNI 19-7030-2004. Spesifikasi kompos dari sampah organik domestic (Compost specification from domestic organic waste). ICS 13.030.40. Badan Standardisasi Nasional.
Stoffella, P. J. & Kahn, B. A. (2001). Compost utilization in horticultural cropping systems. CRC Press - Technology & Engineering - 432 pages
Sudiyani, Y., Setyarini, D., Triwahyuni, E., Sudiyarmanto, Sembiring, K. C., Aristiawan, Y., Abimanyu, H., & Han, M. H. (2013). Utilization of biomass waste empty fruit bunch fiber of palm oil for bioetanol production using pilot-scale unit. Energy Procedia 32(31-38).
Sundh, I., & Ronn, S. (2002). Microbial succession during composting of sourceseparated urban organic household waste under different initial temperature conditions. In: Insam H, Riddech, N., Klammer, S. (eds) Microbiology of composting. SpringerVerlag. Berlin Heiselberg, pp 53-64.
Susana, R., & Suswati, D. (2011). Ketersediaan Cd, gejala toksisitas dan pertumbuhan 3 spesies Brassicaceae pada media gambut yang dikontaminasi kadmium (Cd) (Cd availability, symptoms of toxicity and the growth of three species of Brassicaceae in peat media contaminated by cadmium (Cd). Jurnal Perkebunan dan Lahan Tropika:9-16
Thiam, L. C., & Bhatia, S. (2008). Catalytic processes towards the production of biofuels in a plam oil and oil palm biomass-based biorefinary. Bioresource Technology 99:7911-7922.
Tiquia S.M. (2005). Microbiological parameters as indicators of compost maturity. Journal of Applied Microbiology Volume 99, Issue 4, pages 816–828, October 2005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02673.x
Topan, M. (2008). Panduan Lengkap Budi Daya dan Bisnis Cabai (Complete Cultivation Guide and Business of Chili). Agromedia Pustaka. Jakarta. 190 hal.
USDA-NRCS. (2000). United States Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service. Composting: Environmental Engineering National Engineering Handbook. 637. www.info.usda.gov/CED/ftp/CED/neh637-ch02.pdf.
Vázquez, M.A., de la Varga, D., Plana, R., & Soto, M. (2015). Integrating liquid fraction of pig manure in the composting process for nutrient recovery and water re-use. Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 104, 1 October 2015, Pages 80-89
Venglovsky, J., Sasakova, N., Vargova, M., Pacajova, Z., Placa, I., Petrovsky, M., & Harichova, D. (2005). Evolution of temperature and chemical parameters during composting of pig slurry soilid fraction amended with natural zeolite. Bioresources Technology 96, 181-189.
Widyati. (2011). Potensi tumbuhan bawah sebagai akumulator logam berat untuk membantu rehabilitasi lahan bekas tambang (Potential of herb stratum plants as accumulators of heavy metals to help the rehabilitation of mined land). Jurnal Mitra Hutan Tanaman. Vol 6 : 2 (46-56).
Yanti, Y., Gustian, & Rahma, H. (2009). Aplikasi agen hayati Pseudomonas fluorescens sebagai penginduksi ketahanan untuk meningkatkan produksi tanaman cabai terhadap penyakit virus kuning di Kecamatan Kuranji Kotamadya Padang (Application of biological agents Pseudomonas fluorescens as resistance inducers to increase the production of chili against yellow viral diseases in Kuranji district, Padang Regency). Warta Pengabdian Andalas Volume XV, Nomor 22, 46-57.
Yusoff. S. (2006). Renewable energy from palm oil-innovation of effective utilization of waste. Journal of Cleaner Production 14: 87-93.
Zmora-Nahum, S., Markovitch, O.,Tarchitzky, J. & Chen, Y. (2006). Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) as a parameter of compost maturity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2005, Pages 2109–2116. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.03.013
Published
2016-06-30
How to Cite
Yunindanova, M., Agusta, H., & Asmono, D. (2016). Identification of Heavy Metal in Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch Compost, Mulch from Palm oil Waste and Its Effect on Chili (Capsicum annuum L.). Indonesian Journal of Physics and Nuclear Applications, 1(2), 85-98. https://doi.org/10.24246/ijpna.v1i2.85-98
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Indonesian Journal of Physics and Nuclear Applications is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
