Mengembangkan Kemampuan Berpikir Spasial Melalui Pendidikan STEM di Sekolah Dasar
Developing Spatial Thinking Abilities Through Stem Education In Elementary Schools
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24246/j.js.2024.v14.i3.p293-308Keywords:
Abilities, Spatial Thinking, STEM EducationAbstract
This study explores the effectiveness of STEM education in developing spatial thinking skills in elementary school students. The study employs a quasi-experimental design involving two groups: an experimental group that received STEM intervention and a control group following the standard curriculum. The results indicate that the experimental group experienced significant improvements in visualization, spatial relationship understanding, and spatial object manipulation compared to the control group. These improvements are primarily to technology, such as 3D simulations and design software, which help students comprehend complex spatial concepts. Further statistical analysis supports these findings, showing significant differences between the experimental and control groups. These findings underscore the importance of integrating STEM education into the curriculum to enhance students' spatial skills, which are critical in various science and technology disciplines. However, challenges in implementation, such as a need for more resources and teacher training, must be addressed to ensure the program's effectiveness across different educational contexts.
Downloads
References
Amarullah, A., & Enawar, E. (2022). The Effect Group Investigation Method on Language Learning Outcomes. English Review: Journal of English Education, 10(1), 337–348. https://doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v10i1.5722
Abdul Hassan, M. M., & Abbood, S. A. A. (2023). Creative problem solving skills for students of the College of Education for Pure Sciences, 3(3), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.56961/mejeps.v3i3.482
Agustina, V., Masrukan, M., & Walid, W. (2022). Analysis Of Mathematical Creative Thinking Ability In Terms Of Self-Regulated Learning In The Creative Problem-Solving Learning Model. De Fermat : Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 5(2), 104–119. https://doi.org/10.36277/defermat.v5i2.288
Aiym, Y., Galiya, K., Ademi, B., Adilet, M., Kamshat, Z., & Gulmira, K. (2022). Development of the logical thinking of future mathematics teachers through the use of digital educational technologies. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 17(6), 2001–2012. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v17i6.7548
Alessio, F., Demeio, L., & Telloni, A. I. (2022). Promoting a meaningful learning of double integrals through routes of digital tasks. Teaching Mathematics and Computer Science, 20(1), 107–134. https://doi.org/10.5485/tmcs.2022.0539
Amarullah, A., & Enawar, E. (2022). The Effect Group Investigation Method on Language Learning Outcomes. English Review: Journal of English Education, 10(1), 337–348. https://doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v10i1.5722
Arlinwibowo, J., Retnawati, H., & Kartowagiran, B. (2021). How to Integrate STEM Education in The Indonesian Curriculum? A Systematic Review. In Challenges of Science. Institute of Metallurgy and Ore Beneficiation, Satbayev University. https://doi.org/10.31643/2021.03
Armutcu, Y., & Bal, A. P. (2023). The Effect of Mathematical Modelling Activities on Students’ Mathematical Modelling Skills in the Context of STEM Education. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 10(1), 42–55. https://doi.org/10.33200/ijcer.1131928
Asiyah, S., Rosita, L., & Utomo, B. (2021). Outdoor learning method as an effort to improve the spatial thinking skills of students of geography teachers candidate in university of pgri palembang. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 683(1), 12037. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/683/1/012037
Atit, K., Uttal, D. H., & Stieff, M. (2020). Situating space: using a discipline-focused lens to examine spatial thinking skills. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 5(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-020-00210-z
Aulia, I. M., Prayitno, S., Lu luilmaknun, U., & Sridana, N. (2023). Analysis of students spatial ability in solving problems of flat side space subjects based on van hieles level of thinking. Jurnal Pijar Mipa, 18(1), 36–41. https://doi.org/10.29303/jpm.v18i1.3186
Azizahwati, A., Januarti, J., Sari, S. W., Sari, R. A., Ranti, L., & Septyowaty, R. (2023). Meta analysis of the effect of STEM application on higher order thinking skill in science learning. Momentum: Physics Education Journal, 7(1), 154–163. https://doi.org/10.21067/mpej.v7i1.7959
Bartseva, K., Likhanov, M., & Soldatova, E. (2023). Challenges and further directions of research on spatial thinking strategies. Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences, 2023(4), 383–398. https://doi.org/10.21603/2542-1840-2023-7-4-383-398
Baskoro, F., Suprianto, B., Anifah, L., & Indriyani, Y. A. (2023). Beyond Smart Devices: Fostering Critical, Communication and Collaborative Thinking in IoT-Based Sensor and Actuator Competence Learning Outcomes. TEM Journal, 2396–2407. https://doi.org/10.18421/tem124-52
Benedičič, U., Duffy, G., & Sorby, S. (2022). An ongoing spatial intervention project in irish secondary schools for improved engineering education. In Towards a new future in engineering education, new scenarios that european alliances of tech universities open up. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. https://doi.org/10.5821/conference-9788412322262.1321
Betts, K., Reddy, P., Galoyan, T., Delaney, B., McEachron, D. L., Izzetoglu, K., & Shewokis, P. A. (2023). An Examination of the Effects of Virtual Reality Training on Spatial Visualization and Transfer of Learning. Brain Sciences, 13(6), 890. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13060890
Burte, H., Gardony, A. L., Hutton, A., & Taylor, H. A. (2020). Elementary teachers’ attitudes and beliefs about spatial thinking and mathematics. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 5(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-020-00221-w
Chen, Y.-C., Yang, F.-Y., & Chang, C.-C. (2020). Conceptualizing Spatial Abilities And Their Relation To Science Learning From A Cognitive Perspective. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 19(1), 50–63. https://doi.org/10.33225/jbse/20.19.50
Davidi, E. I. N., Sennen, E., & Supardi, K. (2021). Integrasi Pendekatan STEM (Science, Technology, Enggeenering and Mathematic) Untuk Peningkatan Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Sekolah Dasar. Scholaria: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan, 11(1), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.24246/j.js.2021.v11.i1.p11-22
Dianov, S. A., & Dianova, Y. V. (2023). Professional Author’s Training Methods Computer-Graphic Modeling for Participants of the Advanced Engineering School. Педагогика и Просвещение, 3, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.7256/2454-0676.2023.3.39807
Dintarini, M., Jamil, A. F., & Ismail, A. D. (2022). Secondary students’ spatial thinking in solving the minimum competency assessment (MCA) on geometry. Jurnal Elemen, 8(2), 544–555. https://doi.org/10.29408/jel.v8i2.5670
Farwati, R., Metafisika, K., Sari, I., Sitinjak Debora Suryani, Solikha, D. F., & Solfarina, S. (2021). STEM Education Implementation in Indonesia: A Scoping Review. International Journal of STEM Education for Sustainability, 1(1), 11–32. https://doi.org/10.53889/ijses.v1i1.2
Fatmawati, B., Jannah, B. M., & Sasmita, M. (2022). Students’ Creative Thinking Ability Through Creative Problem Solving based Learning. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 8(4), 2384–2388. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v8i4.1846
Fayakuun, M., & Agoestanto, A. (2023). Research trends on flipped classrooms of mathematics creative thinking, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. Jurnal Elemen, 9(2), 558–577. https://doi.org/10.29408/jel.v9i2.15150
Gagnier, K. M., & Fisher, K. R. (2020). Unpacking the Black Box of Translation: A framework for infusing spatial thinking into curricula. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 5(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-020-00222-9
Geer, E. A., Quinn, J. M., & Ganley, C. M. (2019). Relations between spatial skills and math performance in elementary school children: A longitudinal investigation. Developmental Psychology, 55(3), 637–652. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000649
Hawes, Z., & Ansari, D. (2020). What explains the relationship between spatial and mathematical skills? A review of evidence from brain and behavior. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 27(3), 465–482. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-019-01694-7
Hawes, Z. C. K., Gilligan-Lee, K. A., & Mix, K. S. (2022). Effects of spatial training on mathematics performance: A meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 58(1), 112–137. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001281
Hickman, J. (2022). Spatial thinking and GIS: developing and assessing student competencies. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 32(2), 140–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/10382046.2022.2138172
Hsing, H., Bairaktarova, D., & Lau, N. (2022). Using eye gaze to reveal cognitive processes and strategies of engineering students when solving spatial rotation and mental cutting tasks. Journal of Engineering Education, 112(1), 125–146. https://doi.org/10.1002/jee.20495
Ilma, A. Z., Wilujeng, I., & Widowati, A. (2023). A Systematic Literature Review of STEM Education in Indonesia (2016-2021): Contribution to Improving Skills in 21st Century Learning. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 13(02). https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.13.02.17
Isharyadi, R., & Herman, T. (2022). Designing learning material assisted by augmented reality to improve spatial thinking skills. Al-Jabar : Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 13(2), 413–422. https://doi.org/10.24042/ajpm.v13i2.15242
Izzati, N. N., & Dewi, N. R. (2023). Development of STEAM-Based Mathematics Teaching Materials on Direct and Inverse Proportion to Improve Mathematical Problem-Solving Ability and Self Regulated Learning. Unnes Journal of Mathematics Education, 12(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.15294/ujme.v12i1.68735
Johnson, E. T., & McNeal, K. S. (2021). Student perspectives of the spatial thinking components embedded in a topographic map activity using an augmented-reality sandbox. Journal of Geoscience Education, 70(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/10899995.2021.1969862
Johnston, M. P. (2022). Teacher Librarians Supporting STEM Education. IASL Annual Conference Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.29173/iasl8537
Kidman, G., & Chang, C.-H. (2022). Numbers and graphs - what sort of mathematical literacy do we need for geographical education in uncertain times. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 31(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/10382046.2022.2018756
Kristien, A. (2019). STEM Learning at NYPi Singapore as an Inspiration for Education in Indonesia. Ideguru: Jurnal Karya Ilmiah Guru, 4(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.51169/ideguru.v4i1.77
Le, H. C., Nguyen, V. H., & Nguyen, T. L. (2023). Integrated STEM Approaches and Associated Outcomes of K-12 Student Learning: A Systematic Review. Education Sciences, 13(3), 297. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13030297
Li, X., & Wang, W. (2020). Exploring Spatial Cognitive Process Among STEM Students and Its Role in STEM Education. Science & Education, 30(1), 121–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-020-00167-x
Lidinillah, D. A. M., Mulyana, E. H., Karlimah, K., & Hamdu, G. (2019). Integration of STEM learning into the elementary curriculum in Indonesia: An analysis and exploration. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1318(1), 12053. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1318/1/012053
Majeed, B. H., & ALRikabi, H. T. S. (2022). Effect of Augmented Reality Technology on Spatial Intelligence among High School Students. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (IJET), 17(24), 131–143. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i24.35977
Man, M. Z. G., Hidayat, R., Kashmir, M. K., Suhaimi, N. F., Adnan, M., & Saswandila, A. (2022). Design Thinking In Mathematics Education For Primary School: A Systematic Literature Review. Alifmatika: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Matematika, 4(1), 17–36. https://doi.org/10.35316/alifmatika.2022.v4i1.17-36
Margulieux, L. E. (2019). Spatial Encoding Strategy Theory. In Proceedings of the 2019 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3291279.3339414
Marni, S., Aliman, M., Septia, E., & Alfianika, N. (2019). Minangkabau Proverb: Stimulating High School Students’ Critical Thinking and Spatial Thinking. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Education, Language and Society. Scitepress - Science and Technology Publications. https://doi.org/10.5220/0009094906600666
Merkulova, V. A., Tretiakova, Z. O., & Shestakova, I. G. (2022). Innovation in engineering education using AR technology on the example of disciplines “Descriptive Geometry” and “Engineering Graphics.” Perspectives of Science and Education, 58(4), 243–265. https://doi.org/10.32744/pse.2022.4.15
Mike, M., & Nofrion, N. (2023). Pengaruh Model Problem Based Learning Terhadap Kemampuan Spatial Thinking Siswa Sma Pada Pembelajaran Geografi. Dinamika Sosial: Jurnal Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, 2(2), 113–123. https://doi.org/10.18860/dsjpips.v2i2.2802
Munoz-Rubke, F., Will, R., Hawes, Z., & James, K. H. (2021). Enhancing spatial skills through mechanical problem solving. Learning and Instruction, 75, 101496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2021.101496
Nadzeri, M. B., Meng, C. C., Ismail, I. M., & Abu Hassan, A. H. (2022). The Development and Evaluation of Augmented Reality Learning Application in Geometry Topic. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v11-i1/12279
Ng, C. H., Chan, L. Y., Chiu, C. Y., Lai, Y. S., & Shih, Y.-T. (2022). An Interactive Spatial Ability Training Approach For Stem Education. In DS 117: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education (E&PDE 2022), London South Bank University in London, UK. 8th - 9th September 2022. The Design Society. https://doi.org/10.35199/epde.2022.43
Nugraha, M. G., Kidman, G., & Tan, H. (2023). Pre-service teacher in STEM education: An integrative review and mapping of the Indonesian research literature. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 19(5), em2262. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/13155
Nugroho, O. F., Permanasari, A., & Firman, H. (2019). The Movement of STEM Education in Indonesia: Science Teachers’ Perspectives. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v8i3.19252
Nursa’ban, M., Kumaidi, K., & Mukminan, M. (2020). Factors of Critical Spatial Thinking for a Geography Metacognition Assessment in Indonesian Senior High Schools. Review of International Geographical Education Online. https://doi.org/10.33403/rigeo.686050
Nursa’ban, M., & Mukminan, M. (2023). The implementation of Geography learning with spatial representation using the discrepancy evaluation model. REID (Research and Evaluation in Education), 9(1), 49–64. https://doi.org/10.21831/reid.v9i1.53505
Özgen, V., & Erdem, A. R. (2023). Teachers’ metaphors about “creative thinking.” EIKI Journal of Effective Teaching Methods, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.59652/jetm.v1i2.12
Pambudi, M. H., Suyitno, A., & Mastur, Z. (2022). Development of Application Based on Augmented Reality to Improve Student’s Spatial Ability. Jurnal Didaktik Matematika, 9(2), 314–327. https://doi.org/10.24815/jdm.v9i2.25936
Papakostas, C., Troussas, C., Krouska, A., & Sgouropoulou, C. (2023). PARSAT: Fuzzy logic for adaptive spatial ability training in an augmented reality system. Computer Science and Information Systems, 20(4), 1389–1417. https://doi.org/10.2298/csis230130043p
Parkinson, J. (2020). Investigating Spatial Skills in Computing Education. In Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3372782.3407109
Parkinson, J. (2023). Improving Computational Thinking with Spatial Skills Development in Primary School. In Proceedings of the 18th WiPSCE Conference on Primary and Secondary Computing Education Research. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3605468.3609780
Pavlovičová, G., Bočková, V., & Laššová, K. (2022). Spatial Ability and Geometric Thinking of the Students of Teacher Training for Primary Education. TEM Journal, 388–395. https://doi.org/10.18421/tem111-49
Permanasari, A., Rubini, B., & Nugroho, O. F. (2021). STEM Education in Indonesia: Science Teachers’ and Students’ Perspectives. Journal of Innovation in Educational and Cultural Research, 2(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.46843/jiecr.v2i1.24
Putra, A. K., Sumarmi, Bachri, S., Al Khalidy, D., & Arifa’illah Syaiful Huda, I. (2023). Spatial Acumen in the Digital Age: The Transformative Power of STEM-Enriched Mobile Textbooks in Geography. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (IJIM), 17(23), 153–167. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v17i23.45949
Putra, A. K., Sumarmi, S., Deffinika, I., & Islam, M. N. (2021). The Effect of Blended Project-Based Learning with Stem Approach to Spatial Thinking Ability and Geographic Skill. International Journal of Instruction, 14(3), 685–704. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2021.14340a
Rahmawati, L., Juandi, D., & Nurlaelah, E. (2022). Implementasi Stem Dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Dan Kreatif Matematis. Aksioma: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Matematika, 11(3), 2002. https://doi.org/10.24127/ajpm.v11i3.5490
Rahmawati, L., Juandi, D., & Nurlaelah, E. (2023). A meta-analysis on the effectiveness of the stem approach on students’ mathematical creative thinking ability. Al-Jabar : Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 14(1), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.24042/ajpm.v14i1.16637
Ridha, S., Utaya, S., Bachri, S., & Handoyo, B. (2019). Evaluating Disaster Instructional Material Questions in Geography Textbook: Using Taxonomy of Spatial Thinking to Support Disaster Preparedness. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 273(1), 12035. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/273/1/012035
Sattar, F., & Nawaz, M. (2023). Developing Computational Thinking in STEM Education with Drones. In 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/educon54358.2023.10125117
Selfiardy, S. (2022). Taksonomi Berpikir Spasial (Taxonomy Of Spatial Thinking) Dan Kesesuaiannya Di Sman 1 Tomohon. GEOGRAPHIA : Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Penelitian Geografi, 3(1), 55–59. https://doi.org/10.53682/gjppg.v3i1.4578
Shostachuk, A. (2023). Formation of Spatial Imagination In The Future Mechanical Designers. Scientific Bulletin of Uzhhorod University. Series: «Pedagogy. Social Work», 1(52), 247–251. https://doi.org/10.24144/2524-0609.2023.52.247-251
Somantri, L. (2022). Indonesian spatial intelligence for geography teachers. JPPI (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Indonesia), 8(2), 267. https://doi.org/10.29210/020221355
Stiadi, E. (2023). The Effect of the Group Investigation Model by Geogebra-Assisted on Student Learning Outcomes in Elementary Algebra Courses. International Journal of Research and Review, 10(11), 154–159. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20231118
Suwarma, I. R., & Kumano, Y. (2019). Implementation of STEM education in Indonesia: teachers’ perception of STEM integration into curriculum. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1280(5), 52052. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1280/5/052052
Tenorio-Molina, G., Medina-Altamirano, N., Enriquez-Gavilan, N., Quispe-Solano, M., Lopez-Curasma, A., & Cochachi-Quispe, A. (2023). Design thinking program on the google classroom platform on creativity in high school students. ICST Transactions on Scalable Information Systems. https://doi.org/10.4108/eetsis.4024
Triprani, E. K., Sulistyani, N., & Aini, D. F. N. (2023). Implementasi Pembelajaran STEAM Berbasis PjBL Terhadap Kemampuan Problem Solving pada Materi Energi Alternatif di SD. Scholaria: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan, 2, 176–187. https://doi.org/10.24246/j.js.2023.v13.i2.p176-187
van der Knaap, W. (2022). Embedding Transdisciplinarity in a Spatial Planning Curriculum. Planning Practice & Research, 37(4), 489–496. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2022.2074114
Velho, M., Dorran, D., & Duffy, G. (2022). The phantom menace: spatial abilities and STEM outreach to fight underrepresentation in STEM. In Towards a new future in engineering education, new scenarios that european alliances of tech universities open up. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. https://doi.org/10.5821/conference-9788412322262.1169
Widyasmah, M., Abdurrahman, & Herlina, K. (2020). Implementation of STEM Approach Based on Project-based Learning to Improve Creative Thinking Skills of High School Students in Physics. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1467(1), 12072. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1467/1/012072
Wong, G. Y.-L., Kwok, R. C.-W., Zhang, S., Lai, G. C.-H., Li, Y., & Cheung, J. C.-F. (2024). Exploring the consequence of information communication technology-enabled work during non-working hours: a stress perspective. Information Technology & People, 37(1), 285–307. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-01-2022-0046
Xu, Y., Ao, Y., Zhu, Y., Jiang, Y., Wang, J., & Cui, H. (2023). Promoting higher engineering education: Three‐level progressive cultivation of mechanical thinking based on multi‐classroom integration. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 32(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.22688
Yang, W., Liu, H., Chen, N., Xu, P., & Lin, X. (2020). Is Early Spatial Skills Training Effective? A Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1938. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01938
Yunadia, M., Ruslan, R., Rusli, R., & Hastuty, H. (2023). Students’ Creative Thinking Ability in Solving Open-Ended Problems. ARRUS Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(2), 141–149. https://doi.org/10.35877/soshum1692
Zhou, L. (2022). Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA): An Innovative Approach for Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis. Best Evidence in Chinese Education, 10(2), 1354–1355. https://doi.org/10.15354/bece.22.co003
Zhu, C., Leung, C. O.-Y., Lagoudaki, E., Velho, M., Segura-Caballero, N., Jolles, D., Duffy, G., Maresch, G., Pagkratidou, M., & Klapwijk, R. (2023). Fostering spatial ability development in and for authentic STEM learning. Frontiers in Education, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1138607
Zutaah, P., Ondigi, S. R., & Miheso-O’Connor, M. K. (2023). Pre-Service Teachers’ Perception Of The Use Of Geogebra In Teaching And Learning Geometry In The Colleges Of Education, Ghana. JOHME: Journal of Holistic Mathematics Education, 7(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.19166/johme.v7i1.6124
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Scholaria: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Scholaria: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Copyright is held by the Scholaria: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan
