KONSTITUSIONALISASI HAK-HAK ASASI MANUSIA DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG DASAR NEGARA REPUBLIK INDONESIA TAHUN 1945 BERDASARKAN LOCKEAN NATURAL RIGHTS

Prisilia Kornelia Moonik

doi:10.24246/jrh.2025.v9.i2.p215-236

Authors

Prisilia Kornelia Moonik Fakultas Hukum Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24246/jrh.2025.v9.i2.p215-236

Keywords:

Constitutionalization of Human Rights, Lockean Natural Rights, Chapter XA of The 1945 Constitution

Abstract

This article examines and critiques the constitutional basis for incorporating human rights into Chapter XA of the 1945 Constitution through the lens of natural rights theory, particularly John Locke’s (Lockean) conception of natural rights. Locke’s foundational principle “rights first, government second” presupposes that government does not create human rights but merely recognizes rights that inherently exist. This principle is applied to analyse the Second Amendment to the 1945 Constitution, which ultimately produced Chapter XA. The central thesis argues that Chapter XA of the 1945 Constitution could theoretically be abolished because human rights, as natural rights, do not require constitutional enumeration for their protection; their existence is independent of constitutional text. This argument challenges the Framers’ positivist assumption that constitutionalizing human rights is constitutive, and instead advances Lockean Natural Rights as the proper theoretical foundation.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Buku

Alexy R, The Argument from Injustice: A Reply to Legal Positivism (Oxford University Press 2004).

———, Discourse Theory and Fundamental Rights (Springer International Publishing 2006).

Barnett RE, The Rights Retained by the People: The History and Meaning of the Ninth Amendment (George Mason University Press 1989).

———, Restoring the Lost Constitution (Princeton University Press 2003).

Beatty DM, Human Rights and Judicial Review: A Comparative Perspective (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1994).

Bedi SR, The Development of Human Rights Law by the Judges of the International Court of Justice (Hart Publishing 2007).

Donelly J, Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice (Cornell University Press 2013).

———, The Concept of Human Rights (St Martin’s Press 1985).

———, International Human Rights (Westview Press 1998).

Ebenstein W, Great Political Thinkers: Plato to Present (Holt, Rinehart & Winston 1960).

Hamilton A, Madison J and Jay J, The Federalist with Letters of Brutus (Terence Ball, Cambridge University Press 2003).

Henkin L, The Rights of Man Today (Columbia University Press 1988).

Indrayana D, Amandemen UUD 1945: Antara Mitos Dan Pembongkaran (Mizan Publishing 2007).

Ingram A, A Political Theory of Rights (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1994).

Kurnia TS, Konstitusi HAM: Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 & Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia (Pustaka Belajar 2014).

———, Penyelesaian Pelanggaran HAM Di Indonesia: Pemilihan Upaya Hukum Untuk Reparasi Terhadap Korban (Citra Aditya Bakti 2017).

———, Interpretasi Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia Oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia (Mandar Maju 2018).

Lauterpacht E, International Law Reports (Cambridge University Press 1970).

Locke J, Kuasa Itu Milik Rakyat: Esai Mengenai Asal Mula Sesungguhnya, Ruang Lingkup, dan Maksud Tujuan Pemerintahan Sipil (Kanisius Printing and Publishing House 2002).

———, Two Treatises of Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration (Yale University Press 2003).

Loughlin M, ‘The Positivization of Natural Rights’ in Gary L McDowell and Johnathan O’Neill (eds), American and Enlightenment Constitutionalism (Palgrave Macmillan 2006).

Lubis TM, Search of Human Rights, Legal-Political Dilemmas of Indonesia ’s New Order 1966-1990 (Gramedia Pustaka Utama 1993).

Magnis-Suseno F, Etika Politik (Ed. 12, Gramedia Pustaka Utama 2023).

McIlwain CH, Constitutionalism: Ancient and Modern (Cornell University Press 1949).

O’Connell D, International Law II (Stevens and Sons 1970) (Stevens and Sons 1970).

Shapiro I, The Evolution of Rights in Liberal Theory (Cambridge University Press 1986).

Thompson B, Textbook on Constitutional and Administrative Law (Blackstone Press Ltd 1997).

Jurnal

Barnett RE, ‘Are Enumerated Constitutional Rights the Only Rights We Have? The Case of Associational Freedom’ (1987) 10 Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy.

———, ‘Foreword: The Ninth Amendment and Constitutional Legitimacy’ (1988) 64 (1) Chicago-Kent Law Review.

———, ‘Reconceiving the Ninth Amendment’ (1988) 74 (1) Cornell L Rev.

———, ‘Foreword: Unenumerated Constitutional Rights and the Rule of Law’ (1991) 14 Harv JL & Pub Pol’y.

———, ‘The Intersection of Natural Rights and Positive Constitutional Law’ (1993) 25 Constitutional Law Review.

———, ‘The Ninth Amendment: It Means What It Says’ (2006) Tex L Rev 2006.

———, ‘Who’s Afraid of Unenumerated Rights’ (University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law 2006).

Baur M, ‘Beyond Standard Legal Positivism and "Aggressive" Natural Law: Some Thoughts on Judge O'Scannlain's "Third Way"’ (2011) 79 (4) Fordham Law Review.

Berman, Harold J. ‘Toward Integrative Jurisprudence: Politics, Morality, History’ (1988) 76 (4) California Law Review.

Graber MA, ‘Enumeration and Other Constitutional Strategies for Protecting Rights: The View from 1787/1791’ (2006) 9 (2) University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law.

Gedicks, Frederick M, ‘An Originalist Defense of Substantive Due Process: Magna Carta, Higher-Law Constitutionalism, and the Fifth Amendment’ (2009) 58 Emory L.J.

Harel A and Shinar A, ‘Two Concepts of Constitutional Legitimacy’ (2023) 12 (1) Global Constitutionalism.

Hamburger PA, ‘Natural Rights, Natural Law, and American Constitutions’ (1993) 102 (4) Yale Law Journal.

Isra S, ‘Peran Mahkamah Konstitusi Dalam Penguatan Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia’ (2014) 11 (3) Jurnal Konstitusi.

Kurnia TS, ‘Perlindungan HAM Melalui Pengujian Undang-Undang Oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi’ (2013) 28 (2) Yuridika.

———, ‘Hukum dan Keadilan: Isu Bagian Hulu dan Hilir’ (2016) 10 (1) Refleksi Hukum: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum.

Leiter B, ‘Positivism, Formalism, Realism’ (1999) 99 Columbia Law Review.

Michael S. Moore, 'Justifying the Natural Law Theory of Constitutional Interpretation' (2001) (69) (5) Fordham Law Review.

Michelman FI, ‘The Constitution, Social Rights, and Liberal Political Justification’ (2003) 1 (1) International Journal of Constitutional Law.

Melatyugra N dan Rauta U, ‘Menggali Makna Negara Hukum Pancasila’ [2020] Jurnal Majelis.

Niles MC, ‘Ninth Amendment Adjudication: An Alternative to Substantive Due Process Analysis of Personal Autonomy Rights Law Review’ (2000) 48 UCLA Law Review.

O’Scannlain D, ‘The Natural Law in the American Tradition’ (2010) 79 (4) Fordham Law Review.

Diarmuid O'Scannlain, 'The Natural Law in the American Tradition' (2011) 79 Fordham Law Review.

Raz J, ‘Liberating Duties’ (1989) 8 (1) International Journal for Jurisprudence and Legal Philosophy.

Sweet AS and Mathews J, ‘Proportionality Balancing and Global Constitutionalism’ (2008) 47 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law.

Tanaka K, ‘The International Court of Justice in South West Africa Cases - Ethiopia & Liberia v South Africa’ (1966).

Tasioulas J, ‘Human Rights, Legitimacy, and International Law’ (2013) 58 (1) American Journal of Jurisprudence.

William J and Brennan J, ‘The Constitutions of the United States: Contemporary Ratification’ (1986) 27 South Texas Law Review.

Worster WT, ‘Law, Politics, and the Conception of the State in State Recognition Theory’ (2009) 27 Boston University International Law Journal.

Peraturan Perundang-Undangan

Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.

Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Nomor XVII/MPR/1998 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia.

Konstitusi Asing

Constitution of the United States, “United States Constitution Amendment IX.”

The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Resolusi

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).

Putusan MKRI

Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia No. 2-3/PUU-V/2007.

Putusan Asing

The International Court of Justice

The South West Africa Cases: Ethiopia v. South Africa and Liberia v. South Africa (1966)

The Supreme Court of the United States

Calder v. Bull (1798)

Corfield v. Coryell (1823)

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Konferensi:

Susanti B, Constitution and Human Rights Provisions in Indonesia: An Unfinished Task in the Transitional Process (paper presented at the Conference on Constitution and Human Rights in a Global Age: An Asia Pacific History, Canberra 2001).

Skripsi/Tesis/Disertasi:

Mock, Douglas S. Natural law in American jurisprudence: Calder vs. Bull and Corfield v. Coryell and their progeny. (PhD Dissertation Boston University 2017).

Dokumen Resmi dan Lainnya

Madison J, Speech in Congress Proposing Constitutional Amendments (8 June 1789) (Writings 1999).

Pidato Soekarno Pada 15 Juli 1945 Di BPUPKI, Berdasarkan Naskah Himpunan RM. A. B. Kusuma, Lahirnya Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 (Badan Penerbit FH UI 2004).

Sekretariat Jenderal MPR-RI. Risalah Perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 (1999-2002) Tahun Sidang 1999. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal MPR-RI, 2008.

Tim Penyusun Revisi Naskah Komprehensif Perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. Buku VIII Warga Negara dan Penduduk, Hak Asasi Manusia, dan Agama: Latar Belakang, Proses, dan Hasil Pembahasan 1999-2002. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Konstitusi, 2010.